Bali is more than a beautiful island. It is a place where nature and culture blend perfectly. One of the best examples of this harmony is the Subak irrigation system.
Subak is not just a way to water rice fields. It is a living tradition. It reflects the Balinese philosophy of Tri Hita Karana, which means the balance between God, humans, and nature.
For centuries, Balinese farmers have used Subak to grow rice. Today, this ancient system continues to support agriculture and community life.
Read Here: The Island Of Bali – Balinese Culture, Do’s and Don’ts
History of the Subak System
The Subak system has existed for more than 1,000 years. Historians believe it started in the 9th century during the rule of King Marakata. However, the tradition may be even older.
Ancient Balinese inscriptions mention the word “Subak.” These records show that Balinese people have managed water wisely for a long time.
As time passed, Subak developed into a complex but effective system. It spread throughout the island and became a key part of Balinese culture.
What Is Subak?
Subak is a community-based water management system. It controls the flow of water from mountain springs and rivers to terraced rice fields.
Each group of farmers forms a Subak organization. This group works together to share water fairly and solve problems. Subak is not just about irrigation. It includes spiritual rituals, social rules, and environmental knowledge.
The Philosophy Behind Subak: Tri Hita Karana
Subak is deeply connected to Tri Hita Karana, a Balinese concept that promotes three types of harmony:
- Parahyangan – harmony with the divine (God or the spirits)
- Pawongan – harmony among people
- Palemahan – harmony with nature and the environment
Farmers believe that when these three are balanced, life is good and rice grows well.
How Subak Works
Subak starts with a water source, usually a spring or river in the mountains. Water flows down through canals, tunnels, and aqueducts.
Each rice terrace has its own inlet and outlet. Farmers use bamboo gates or small dams to control the flow of water. The system is carefully timed. Farmers take turns using the water so everyone gets enough.
Water must be clean. That’s why forested mountain areas near springs are protected by local communities.
The Role of the Water Temple
In Bali, water is sacred. Therefore, Subak is guided by water temples. These temples are not ordinary. They are spiritual centers managed by priests called Pemangku Subak or Jero Gede.
Each water temple is connected to one or more Subak systems. The temple holds ceremonies to thank Dewi Danu, the goddess of lakes and rivers.
The most important water temple in Bali is Pura Ulun Danu Batur, near Lake Batur. This lake supplies water to many parts of the island.
Organization of a Subak Group
Each Subak group includes all the farmers who share one irrigation source. The group has clear rules, duties, and leaders.
Key roles include:
- Pekaseh – the head of the Subak organization
- Petajuh – assistants or advisors
- Penyarikan – secretary
- Petengen – treasurer
These leaders manage water distribution, schedule rituals, solve disputes, and collect dues if needed. All decisions are made together. The Subak meets regularly at the water temple or community hall.
Subak and Rice Farming
Rice is the main crop in Bali. Subak helps control the water needed to grow rice in terraced fields. Balinese farmers usually plant rice two or three times a year. They follow a farming calendar based on moon phases and temple ceremonies.
Before planting, farmers hold a ritual to bless the seeds. During harvest, they thank the gods for the rice. These rituals follow the flow of the Subak system.Without Subak, rice farming in Bali would be chaotic. With Subak, it becomes a form of art and worship.
Engineering Features of Subak
Though ancient, Subak is highly advanced. It includes:
- Canals – hand-dug channels that carry water across long distances
- Tunnels – passages through hills to guide water
- Bamboo pipes – natural tools for diverting water
- Dams and sluices – used to block or release water
- Terracing – leveled rice fields built on slopes to reduce erosion
This smart engineering helps prevent floods and droughts.
Subak and the UNESCO World Heritage Status
Subak is a traditional Balinese irrigation system that reflects the island’s communal values. It manages water distribution for rice fields through canals and temples. Rooted in the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, Subak promotes harmony between humans, nature, and the divine. UNESCO recognizes it as a cultural heritage system.
In 2012, UNESCO recognized the Subak system as a World Heritage Site. The title includes:
- Pura Ulun Danu Beratan – the mother water temple
- Lake Batur temple – the island’s main water source and water temple
- Taman Ayun Temple – a royal family temple
- Jatiluwih Rice Terraces – stunning rice fields in Tabanan
- Other cultural landscapes in central Bali
UNESCO praised Subak as a unique example of living cultural heritage. It combines nature, religion, farming, and community.
Where You Can See Subak in Action
One of them is Tegallalang Rice Terrace, just north of Ubud, showcases Bali’s iconic subak irrigation system. Its emerald-green tiers cascade across hillsides, framed by palm trees and river valleys. Visitors admire the lush contours via scenic viewpoints, swing attractions, and nearby cafés. This verdant landscape offers a mesmerizing blend of natural beauty, culture, and tranquility.
If you visit Bali, you can see Subak in places like:
- Jatiluwih – the most famous rice terraces in Bali
- Tegallalang – near Ubud, popular for scenic views
- Sidemen – traditional village with lush fields
- Belimbing – quiet area with natural beauty
- Pupuan – remote but stunning rice terraces
These areas offer not just scenery but cultural insight. You’ll often see farmers working together, adjusting water, or praying at shrines.
Subak’s Role in Balinese Society
Subak is more than agriculture. It teaches values like cooperation, fairness, respect for nature, and community spirit and also helps prevent conflicts over water. Also supports food security and rural livelihoods.
Children learn about Subak from a young age. Elders pass down knowledge through stories, songs, and rituals. Each generation takes part in this sacred duty, maintaining both the fields and the traditions.
Challenges Facing Subak Today
Even though Subak is strong, it faces modern problems.
- Tourism and Development – More hotels and villas take up farmland and water.
- Climate Change – Rainfall is changing, which affects water supply.
- Younger Generation – Many young people prefer city jobs and leave farming.
- Government Policies – Not all policies support traditional systems like Subak.
Despite these issues, many groups are working to protect Subak.
Efforts to Preserve Subak
Several initiatives help save the Subak system:
- Educational programs teach young Balinese about Subak.
- Eco-tourism supports farmers through visits and donations.
- Local NGOs and communities work with government bodies.
- UNESCO designation brings international attention and funds.
Farmers are also adapting. Some try organic farming. Others grow vegetables and flowers alongside rice to earn more income.
Subak and Modern Sustainability
Subak may be old, but it fits well with modern ideas of sustainability. It uses local materials, renewable water sources, and natural landscapes also to protect forests and prevent erosion. It respects wildlife and biodiversity.
In fact, experts worldwide study Subak as a model for eco-friendly farming. Balinese farmers don’t just grow food—they nurture ecosystems.
Final Thoughts About Subak Bali Irrigation System
Subak is more than an irrigation system. It is a masterpiece of harmony between humans and nature. And reflects Balinese values: balance, respect, spirituality, and cooperation. Also feeds families, supports traditions, and connects communities.
If you walk through a Balinese rice field and hear water flowing gently down, remember—Subak is the reason that beauty exists.
By learning about Subak, we not only understand Bali better, but we also learn how to live more wisely with the Earth.
Read Here: Ulun Danu Beratan: A Majestic Icon of Bali’s Spiritual Heritage
The Best Trip Destination
Bali, Indonesia, beckons with its diverse allure. Explore Ubud’s cultural treasures, witness the iconic Tanah Lot Temple at sunset, and surf the waves of Kuta Beach. Discover the scenic beauty of Tegallalang Rice Terraces and embrace the lively atmosphere of Seminyak. Dive into the underwater wonders of Amed, relax on the pristine shores of Nusa Dua, and wander through ancient temples in the heart of Bali. Whether seeking vibrant nightlife, serene landscapes, or cultural richness, Bali’s enchanting destinations cater to every traveler’s desire.
Ubud (14 Trips)
Eastern Bali (7 Trips)
Southern Bali (5 Trips)
Northern Bali (5 Trips)
Nusa Penida Island (4 Trips)
Western Bali (4 Trips)
The Best Activities In Bali
Indulge in Bali’s diverse activities, from surfing the waves in Kuta to exploring cultural treasures in Ubud. Snorkel vibrant coral reefs in Amed, trek lush rice terraces, and rejuvenate in serene spa retreats. Dive into the lively nightlife of Seminyak, witness traditional dance performances, and sample local delicacies in bustling markets. Whether it’s hiking Mount Batur for a sunrise vista or embracing the spiritual ambiance of ancient temples, Bali offers a kaleidoscope of experiences for every traveler’s passion.
Trekking and Hiking (5 Trips)
Snorkeling and Scuba Diving (3 Trips)
ATV Quad Bike (2 Trips)
Bali Water Sport (3 Trips)
Bali Rafting and Tubing (5 Trips)
